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Law for a Lawless Land: New Mexico Territory’s Federal Judiciary, 1846-1912

Visualizing the Past

New Mexico PBS’s newest one-hour documentary Law for a Lawless Land: New Mexico Territory’s Federal Judiciary, 1846-1912, features federal judges who were charged with overcoming unprecedented, if not insurmountable challenges during New Mexico’s pivotal territorial period. Faced with understanding centuries of Native and Spanish culture, they were tasked with administering justice over six chaotic decades gripped by rebellion, warfare, slavery, political partisanship, and the rampant lawlessness of a newly opened frontier.

 

Law for a Lawless Land: New Mexico Territory’s Federal Judiciary, 1846-1912 airs September 25 at 7 p.m. on Channel 5.1 and streaming on the PBS App. 

A single-story adobe building stands in front of a garden and fenced yard, with open fields and distant hills under a cloudy sky, visualizing the past in its timeless landscape.

Former Santa Ana Court House, and corral, Peña Blanca, New Mexico, Building, circa 1910-1915 Palace of the Governor’s Photo Archives: 013890

A group of people sit and stand under large trees in a grassy area, visualizing the past as adobe buildings rise in the background.

Taos Pueblo by Arnold Genthe, Library of Congress

One of the biggest challenges in producing Law for a Lawless Land was finding visuals to illustrate this era. With much of the story taking place in a courtroom, being on a frontier, with few opportunities at the time for an illustrated press and the recently invented practice of photography - from the very beginning we understood there would be limited source materials. Working in a visually dependent media, our work in this project was not only cut out for us, but going to take creativity, innovation, and collaboration.

Therefore, the vision for the look and content of the documentary began, and continued throughout the production, with an in-depth, ongoing collaboration with historical advisors and archivists. For example, celebrated western historian, scholar, and author Paul Andrew Hutton wrote the documentary script. His deep knowledge of this era and constant attention to the details of this history were invaluable. The process of sleuthing through New Mexico’s Digital Collections brought forth a diverse range of material from the likes of The Palace of the Governor’s Photo Archives, the Huntington Library, and UNM’s Center for Southwestern Research. The Denver Public Library keeps wonderful records of the west and we relied on the Library of Congress for their extensive collections. Local historical societies and their librarians such as the Sandoval County Historical Society pointed toward rarely seen photographs such as the very early Santa Ana County Courthouse in Peña Blanca.

Fortunately, these institutions are supportive of our educational mission and have opened their archives yielding photography and letters among other ephemera. All of which were invaluable to creating a story that transports us back in time and shows what places looked like, how people dressed, and the environments in which they lived. For example, we include one of the earliest known photographs of Santa Fe’s Exchange Hotel where the murder of Chief Justice P. Slough took place and today is the site of the La Fonda Hotel.

These collections also help bring to life Native American culture as we learn from Jemez Pueblo’s Ada Pecos Melton how they dealt with wrongdoing and how the arrival of American law impacted their communities. Several 19th century photographers documented these communities in particular John K. Hiller’s. His photography provides perspective into how the contemporary world has changed, and not changed, the Pueblos and New Mexico.

Visualizing the Past: Historic black-and-white photo of a southwestern village with adobe buildings, mountains in the background, and three people near a wooden cart in the foreground.

Sandia Pueblo, circa 1871 to 1907, by John K. Hillers, National Archives 523754

However, there were key historical events that only have a written record. Drawing upon the long tradition of courtroom sketches, we used generative AI to create reimagined illustrations to represent what an early courtroom looked like or how the confrontation between Chief Justice John P. Slough and Legislator William Rynerson unfolded.

Black and white photo visualizing the past: a group stands before adobe buildings with wooden columns; one building bears a sign reading "SIMMONS & GIRAUD.

Southeast corner of the plaza with Exchange Hotel in center and Seligman and Clever's store at right, Santa Fe, New Mexico, circa 1855, Palace of the Governor’s Photo Archives: 010685

Chief Justice Slough is an important figure to New Mexico’s territorial history. A Colonel for the Colorado Volunteers, he notably defeated the confederate rebels at Glorieta Pass. One of the most lawless events in territorial history is his infamous murder at the Exchange Hotel. Written accounts served as a guide, a script so-to-speak, to portray this dramatic event from 1867.

A bearded man in a Union military officer’s uniform sits holding a sword, facing slightly left against a plain background—visualizing the past with striking clarity.
A man in a suit sits in a dark, ornate room with one arm resting on the chair; light streams in from a window, casting dramatic shadows—visualizing the past through every detail.

Col. John Potts Slough, circa 1860-1867, Civil War Photographs, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. The image on the right is an AI generated image of Chief Justice John P. Slough confronting Legislator William Rynerson in Santa Fe's Exchange Hotel.

Historical accuracy is the most important factor. Behind every AI-generated image was a human artist refining the process while collaborating with researchers and experts on the history. Lots of trial and error, but well worth it, because showing the impact of the people in these stories helps audiences better connect to the history. One important factor was defining a consistent stylized illustrative look, so the AI generated imagery is easily recognizable throughout the documentary.

A group of people sit around a large table in a dimly lit room, visualizing the past as they engage in a serious meeting or discussion.

Generative AI Image of the Taos Revolt trials

A bearded man in formal 19th-century attire stands beside a table with a decorative cloth, visualizing the past as he poses with one hand resting on a book.
Black-and-white portrait of a man with short hair, wearing a suit jacket, waistcoat, bow tie, and white shirt, looking slightly to the side—an image evocative of historical visualization.

Chief Justice Joab Houghton, circa 1855, Montezuma No. 1; Charles H. Trotier de Sieur Beaubien, by Nichols & Howard, Palace of the Governor's Photo Archives: 008799

Law for a Lawless Land reveals largely unknown stories of these early federal judges. Finding portraits was one key to historical accuracy. Two of New Mexico’s first judges, Chief Justice Joab Houghton’s, and Justice Charles Beaubien’s portraits are in New Mexico’s collections. Houghton’s is at the New Mexico Supreme Court Law Library and after much detective work, we also found an earlier portrait hanging at Santa Fe’s Montezuma No. 1 Lodge. Fortunately, the Palace of the Governor’s Photo Archives has one of the few known portraits of Beaubien.

One of the Territory’s most colorful and consequential judges was Kirby Benedict. Known for extravagant language, friendship with Abraham Lincoln, and deep legal knowledge, he presided over groundbreaking cases involving Native Americans, slavery, and women’s rights. Yet, there are only two known 19th century photographs of him. So, using AI we were able to envision him in a New Mexico courtroom, which helps put the viewer in that courtroom with him.

A bearded man in 19th-century clothing sits at a desk covered with papers, visualizing the past in a dimly lit room with tall windows.

Generative AI Image of Kirby Benedict

The use of AI generated imagery in this documentary is a first for us. As new tools like AI become available, they present opportunities for us to visualize stories, enhance their impact, and build upon the available historical elements. Using this new technology, we understand the real need and strive to effectively, authentically, and transparently share how these new tools enhanced our ability to communicate, educate, and entertain. Our constant goal is to immerse viewers in compelling visual storytelling that expands understanding, captures hearts, and imagination.

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